Are there any special considerations to take into account when managing patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis who are found to have a horseshoe kidney?  

Interesting question! Horseshoe kidneys are particularly susceptible to stones, primarily in the lower poles. Stones are typically composed of calcium oxalate. Renal embryology was a neglected topic during my medical education. The prometanephros are located near the fetal cervical spine. They subs...