To evaluate the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) in the treatment of postradiation hematuria (PRH) and to identify the predictive factors for a successful outcome.

We conducted a retrospective study and included all patients with PRH treated with HBO in a university hospital center between January 2003 and December 2013. We studied the patients' clinical characteristics, radiotherapy indication, treatments preceding HBO, the grade of hematuria diagnosed based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events classification v 4.03 and the efficacy of HBO. The success of HBO was defined as the total or partial resolution of hematuria.

We included 71 patients with a median age of 72 (39-87) years. PRHs were severe (grade ≥3) in 50 (70.4%) of the cases. Radiotherapy was indicated in the treatment of prostate cancer in 61 (85.9%) patients. The median length of time between hematuria and HBO was 8 (1-154) months. Prior to HBO, 46 (64.8%) patients underwent electrocoagulation of the bladder. HBO sessions were compounded by 9 cases of barotraumatic otitis, 5 cases of transient visual disturbance, and 1 case of finger paresthesia. On average, 29 (3-50) sessions were carried out. Treatment was effective in 46 (64.8%) patients, 37 (52.1%) of whom were completely cured. A hematuria grade of less than 3 was a predictive factor in the successful treatment (P = .027). Median follow-up was 15 (1-132) months.

HBO completely resolves PRH in 52.1% of cases. Prolonged patient follow-up is required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment.