Anthracycline is a commonly prescribed antineoplastic agent. As a consequence of the growing number of cancer survivors, the incidence of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is increasing. However, the optimal primary preventive strategy is lacking. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of carvedilol for the primary prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted. The primary and secondary outcomes were the occurrence of low left ventricular ejection fraction, and the absolute change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), respectively. We calculated the odds ratios for the primary outcome and the weighted mean differences for the secondary outcomes using a random-effects model. We included 8 randomized controlled trials (633 total patients). Our results showed significantly reduced rates of low LVEF favoring the carvedilol group (3.2% vs 5.8%; odds ratios: 0.42; 95% confidence interval: 0.18 to 0.99; p = 0.05). Furthermore, there were significantly smaller reductions in LVEF in carvedilol-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients (mean differences: 2.41%; 95% confidence interval: 0.01 to 4.81; p = 0.05). In conclusion, prophylactic administration of carvedilol in anthracycline-treated cancer patients may reduce the early onset of left ventricular dysfunction compared with placebo.