Rheumatology

Internal Medicine   

Questions discussed in this category


How do you decide to trial a patient off treatment? When do you consider spacing therapy and at what frequency?

How do you view it relative to existing options like TNFi, IL-23, or IL-17s like ixekizumab?

For example, in patients with many swollen/tender joints, enthesitis, nail involvement do you expect particularly good response? Are there patients in...

Is there a target IgG level to aim for? What should hematologists be aware of in monitoring these patients?

I'm uncertain why both individual parts can be so low/negative but together very positive. Is there an assay discrepancy, a false positive? 

Pre-treatment troponin was mildly elevated, while ILR2 receptor, ACE, CRP, ESR were normal. 

How will you counsel patients about the risk and what strategies will you use to mitigate the increased risk of fungal infections see in the BE COMPLE...

Are you aware of any data regarding relative risk of molluscum contagiosum infection in reference to DMARDs/biologics?

SLE manifestations include arthralgias and cytopenias which are stable. Previously did well on methotrexate, but developed GI side effects. HCQ is on ...

Would you view this as a sign that disease is not adequately controlled despite labs and imaging suggesting no active vasculitis? 

Labs with normal PT, but prolonged PTT (47 sec, ULN 40 sec) that does not correct on immediate mix. Lupus anticoagulant negative (DRVVT and hexagonal ...

Do you generally recommend anti-diarrheals, dietary modifications, or consider this an unacceptable side effect and move to other therapies? 

UpToDate recommends Hydroxychloroquine for all SLE patients, but neutropenia is sometimes ascribed to HCQ rather than the underlying disease. What lev...

The patient has ongoing inflammatory arthritis despite methotrexate, apremilast, and jak inhibitor trials.

Caplacizumab is not FDA approved in pregnant patients, but has been used safely in isolated case reports. 

The index question is: "neurosurgeons lately want to stop hydroxychloroquine prior to spinal surgery. Anyone allowing this for lupus patients and for ...

If a patient has received a kidney transplant for SLE-LN and is stable and doing well. Managed by their transplant team and on chronic immunosuppressi...

The case prompting the question is a female in her late teens who was diagnosed with Class IV LN at her prepubescent age and was treated with HCQ and ...

What factors do you discuss when counseling the patient? 

Is a biopsy or EMG helpful in confirming the etiology? What is the best treatment for sarcoid neuropathy?

How does the presence of extra-renal manifestations influence this decision?

And have you ever seen it occur in isolation without any other manifestations of SLE? 

When do you switch to steroid-sparing medications? What steroid-sparing therapies do you prefer?

Do treatments for osteoporosis have a large enough effect on tooth movement to make Invisalign less effective?

The patient has no extraocular features of a spondyloarthropathy and is on methotrexate. No active eye disease for past 1 year.

This question is part of a collaboration with RheumMadness and is specifically in reference to: ULT During Gout Flare.

In which situations or patient populations do you find this useful? How is it sterilized?

How do you monitor response and what do you consider a satisfactory response? Do you aim for a certain threshold of proteinuria?

Many patients are interested in romosozumab for "maximizing bone gain" and preventing future fractures. Some have had anabolic therapy with teriparati...

What side effects do you highlight in conversation with them? How do you approach toxicity monitoring?

Is there utility when classic inflammatory markers (ESR,CRP) or disease specific markers (C3, C4, dsDNA) do not correlate with patients disease activi...

For example, I have a patient who has frequent (monthly) large to medium joint flares (Knee, Ankle) with crystal proven disease. Did not tolerate colc...

Specifically, do you check for any of these: ACE, Vitamin D 1,25, serum lysozyme, soluble IL2 or Adenosine deaminase levels?

For example, the patient may have other findings such as an elevated CRP. Would you diagnose SLE, or would you want to see other serologies or finding...

Is a BM biopsy a must when there is skin involvement? If tryptase level is mildly elevated but less than 20 would you recommend a BM biopsy?

How long has it been back on the market? What is the typical cost for patients? Are certain compounding pharmacies regularly carrying it? 

After replacing Vitamin D, what will be your first treatment of choice? Labs including ALP and calcium levels are normal. T scores are -3 or above. Th...

How would you work up an elderly female with persistent anemia secondary to warm AIHA requiring almost monthly transfusion, with positive ANA,dsDNA (b...

Do you refer all patients with suspected LN, patients with confirmed LN, or patients with specific features (not responding to usual therapy, certain ...

What disease activity index do you find more useful and most practical in a busy clinical setting? How often do you assess it?This question is part of...

How do you approach ongoing screening for TB in patients with history of treated latent TB, but have ongoing use of DMARDs and/or biologics given quan...

A male patient in his 30s with two lumbar compression fractures (non-traumatic) and a Z-score of -2.6 in the spine, Z-score -0.5 in hips. History of 3...

For example, when switching from MMF to azathioprine, do you overlap the treatments as you lower the dose of one and add the other?

Patient with negative blood cultures, completed 6 weeks of IV antibiotics and vegetation persists. CT imaging without evidence of malignancy. No evide...

Given poor pulmonary outcomes in people with anti-PL12 antibodies, would you recommend more aggressive therapy? The patient was diagnosed with onset o...

Is an MRI necessary to diagnose non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis?

Would you start with a baseline ultrasound and then pursue further workup such as fibroscan if fatty liver is present, or other?

This question is part of a collaboration with RheumMadness and is specifically in reference to: Antibodies Before SLE.

Do you use biomarkers or PET scanning to stratify patients who may benefit most from therapy?

ANA patients referred to rule out CTD is a work-intensive, costly referral type. If they are positive for Anti-Dense Fine Speckled Protein 70 kDa (DFS...

For example, in patients who are HbSAg negative, anti-HBc positive and HbSAb negative, does vaccination reduce reactivation risk?

This question is part of a collaboration with RheumMadness and is in reference to Pathogenic ANCA (RAVE Trial).

The patient has not responded/has contraindications to apremilast, colchicine, and adalimumab. When they were off azathioprine for 5 days in the past,...

(Refractory to mycophenolate, azathioprine, and methotrexate. UpToDate suggests thalidomide or IVIG with mixed efficacy, while there are some case rep...

If so, would you start immediately or wait for the second set of labs to confirm before initiating blood thinners?

Per 2021 GCA Vasculitis Guidelines: low evidence, but conditional recommendation for CTA neck, chest, abd/pelvis. Is anybody following this or do you ...

Patient became acutely flushed, developed severe and prolonged hypotension with brief loss of consciousness, dizziness, nausea, dry heaves and headach...

Significant history of autoimmune diseases and DVT in family, recent PE/DVT for a month

And if so, what is your approach to the diagnosis?

Vasculitis activity has been assessed with serial CTA of the chest and head/neck. She has existing right axillary artery disease and new areas of invo...

Female patient in her 20's with RA/SLE has been on steroids and methotrexate, currently on HCQ and Orencia. Failing Orencia with active disease. Want ...

A specific example would be a clinically quiescent but serologically active patient.

How do you approach de-escalation or justify therapy maintenance? Do you have tiers of medications that you attempt to de-escalate first? In one parti...

Is there a certain disease duration or age beyond which you taper immunosuppressive treatments?

In patients with CKD, does urate lowering therapy have an effect (positive or negative) on progression of CKD?

Extrapolating from reactions with other sulfa medications potentially causes flares.

Do you do blood work? Or do you rely on review of systems?

What doses of allopurinol do you use, and how frequently do you titrate the dose?

Patients on baseline mycophenolate and azathioprine were excluded from the INBUILD trial however many patients with CTD-ILD will be on some form of im...

In addition, what formula do you use to calculate the IgG index?

Do you rechallenge with lower dose? What is your tolerance for mild persistent transaminitis?

Do you typically start the patient on hydroxychloroquine?  What work-up do you perform?

Other manifestations improved (renal function has stabilized, fatigue, arthritis, and LCV have resolved). Ophthalmologist has controlled the uveitis u...

A female in her 50s with iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome presenting for management of SLE with low disease activity (but not remission) in the setting o...

Do you base the decision on FEV1, 6MWD or symptoms at initial evaluation, or progression over time?

There are studies that show hydroxychloroquine inhibits autophagy (the orderly degradation and recycling of the contents of the cytoplasm for the cell...

When adding nintedanib what sort of treatment course do you counsel the patient on? Do you plan to continue it indefinitely as long as the patient tol...

Do you prefer to start with nintedanib and then add immunosuppressive agents, or give a trial of immunosuppressive medication first, then add nintedan...

Classically, lupus mouth ulcers are large non-painful blisters at the roof of the mouth. What do you do with small scattered blisters, painful or not ...

For example, a patient with a bone marrow biopsy that shows normocellular bone marrow. Prior management with leflunomide and HCQ with neutropenia attr...

Are there any instances where you would prefer a biosimilar rather than the reference product? 

Are there ways to overcome barriers in insurance coverage of this combination of treatments?

Is there a role for immunosuppressive medications such as TNF inhibitors in the management of IgA nephropathy in this setting?

Would the etiology of the thrombocytosis play a role in your decision-making?

I get a lot of low false positive ds dna (sometimes high- 300) in quest and labcorp but their crithidia specific dsDNA  labs when repeated are ne...

This question is part of a collaboration with RheumMadness and is specifically in reference to: Hydroxychloroquine Withdrawal.

In a patient for whom rituximab is the best option for their disease management. 

If a deficiency is present, do you consider IVIG to treat non-infectious symptoms such as skin rash, arthritis or hematological abnormalities? 

Several speakers at ACR 2021 commented on the important role of drug levels in the management of these patients and cautioned against adding medicatio...

Do you wait 12 weeks for confirmation to begin treatment if patient is declining?

This question is part of a collaboration with RheumMadness and is specifically in reference to: EMBRACE

Patients frequently mention diagnosis of SLE years ago but recent Sm, dsDNA (crithidia) and complements can be normal. Can treatment with medications ...

At what CD 19/20 level do you redose? Is this lab dependent?  Do you also use these levels to instruct patients when to get vaccinated?

When it seems fairly certain that this is a drug effect is it something that can just be monitored or requires a change in approach?

If work-up is sent and the patient is found to have a persistently positive antiphospholipid antibody, particularly lupus anticoagulant, would you con...

If so, is there one type of antibody that is more likely to cause this false positive test? 

Would the checkpoint inhibitor still work if blocking only that portion of the inflammatory cascade as opposed to more global blockade with steroids?

What is the risk of pregnancy loss in absence of anticoagulation? What would you suggest if the patient had anticoagulation in prior pregnancies and r...

Such as patients with negative Hepatitis B surface antigen and negative viral load but with positive hepatitis b core antibody.

Do you just use antibiotic prophylaxis if therapy is started prior to meningococcal vaccination?

Are there any medications that surgeons like discontinued before their procedure?

What are your primary and secondary agents?

I.e., what constitutes well-controlled cancer, IBD, nephrotic syndrome, etc. What other diseases do you put in this category (obesity, autoimmune dise...

In contrast to TNF inhibitors for psoriatic arthritis, which seem to peak and maintain response percentages, the DISCOVER-2 Trial (McInnes et al., PMI...

Does your evaluation hinge on nonresolution with warming? How extensive is your workup?

In clinical practice continued steroid dependence is often seen as a reason to switch therapy and providers can be especially hesitant to use systemic...

Based on the results of the DISCOVER-2 Trial (McInnes et al., PMID 34719872), should guselkumab be used prior to anti-TNF therapy in these patients?

Is there role for IVIG? Would you alter the dose or time course of steroid therapy?

(assuming that the malignancy evaluation has been completed and the lymphadenopathy is confirmed to be reactive)

In your experience, are there specific disease manifestations in which HLAB51 is particularly helpful?

How would the approach differ if the patient had a significant bleeding phenotype vs only minor bruising and mucosal bleeding?

This type of etoposide sparing therapy has been previously described in a case series at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32725881/

Other than inflammatory markers and following symptoms/exam, do you need any other specific monitoring for progression to systemic disease? 

Does treatment with B-cell depletion and/or negative anti-spike antibody status despite COVID mRNA vaccination influence your decision?

Do you routinely check IgA anticardiolipin and beta-2 glycoprotein antibody IgA in your practice? And how would a positive result change your manageme...

Additionally, what is the current role for temporal artery ultrasound in workup for GCA?

Specifically, how do you treat the delayed headache, not the headache that develops during the infusion where pre-hydration and slowing down the rate ...

Specifically in patients of Vietnamese background? An association has been shown between HLA-B*5801 and the risk of allopurinol hypersensitivity react...

Do you obtain vascular imaging routinely in these cases, and if so, do you use cross-sectional or invasive angiography?

What if the patient is triple-positive or has continued seropositivity on repeat lab testing? What is the appropriate interval of monitoring and does ...

Small study in pediatric PACNS have evaluated this as a potential marker (Cellucci et al., PMID 22740622)

While low-dose aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in aPL without APS is not typically recommended outside cardiovascular prevention guidelines ...

In other words, do we think of TNFi induced lupus and TNFi induced psoriasis as a drug effect or a class effect? 

Do you avoid due to the increased risk of GI adverse events?

There are multiple difficulties that could be seen: steroids can precipitate a sickle cell crisis, vasculitis and sickle cell can produce similar clin...

There is some emerging evidence that there is an inflammatory component. 

E.g., inflammatory polyarthritis or inflammatory myopathy with onset within 2 weeks of documented COVID infection

How is your approach to treatment different than other ILD patterns such as NSIP? Does treatment response vary based on underlying CTD?

E.g., MPO vs PR3, newly diagnosed vs relapsed, renal involvement. Acknowledge that the ADVOCATE study was not powered to detect these differences, but...

Especially in a triple-positive patient with an acute ischemic stroke who may have urgency for anticoagulation with high bleeding risk and severe thro...

Given the slow recovery of nerve damage, what would you expect to see on a repeat EMG after treatment? Continued denervation or just sequelae of past ...

What if the patient has MGUS? Do patients with type 1 cryoglobulins need a bone marrow biopsy as part of the work up?

How would you label such a patient?  Would you treat differently if they have poor functional status?

Cyclophosphamide/tacrolimus and Rituximab have been used in conjunction with steroids in case series.

If so, are there specific patient populations for which you would use this metric?

To my understanding, sm/RNP should also be positive in this situation (and one would assume a positive ANA as well)

How do you counsel these patients about hormonal agents? 

This question is part of a collaboration with RheumMadness and is specifically in reference to: ADIRA Diet

The SENSCIS trial was published in 2019 on efficacy of this agent. However, it's not clear where this should be in the treatment algorithm: Monot...


Papers discussed in this category


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Medicine (Baltimore),

The New England journal of medicine, 2010-07-15

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Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2019 Sep 28

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Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2019 Nov 13

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Rheumatology (Oxford),

Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2016 Dec 13

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Arthritis and rheumatism, 1982-11

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Mod Rheumatol, 2020 Sep 17

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Lupus, 2013-07

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J Rheumatol,

Lupus Sci Med, 2018 May 14

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Lupus, 2015 Jul 10

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Lung, 2021 Apr 07

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Arthritis Rheumatol, 2022 Feb 07

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Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 2020 Aug

Rheumatology (Oxford),

Curr Cardiol Rep, 2021 Jul 28

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BMJ open, 2024 May 13

Arch Dermatol,

Lupus, 2017 Sep 01

Lupus, 2016 May 27

Br J Dermatol, 2019 Apr 07

Lupus, 2020 Apr 21

Autoimmun Rev, 2012 Nov 30

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Lupus science & medicine, 2018

Arthritis Rheum,

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2017-03

Lancet Respir Med, 2021 Jan

Eur J Cancer, 2021 Sep 15

Thorac Cancer, 2020 Feb 11

Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis, 2022 Feb 14

Sleep Breath, 2021 Nov 12

Rheumatol Int, 2019 Jan 02

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Clin Immunol, 2020 Oct 02

Ann Intern Med,

Sleep,

Worldviews Evid Based Nurs, 2017 Apr 22

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Dermatol Ther, 2019 Apr 23

Cutis,

Am J Clin Dermatol,

The New England journal of medicine, 2013-08-01

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N Engl J Med,

Lupus, 2020 Feb 09

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JAMA, 2011-08-17

Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases, 2014-12

Rheumatology and therapy, 2019-06

Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2022 Feb 15

J Rheumatol, 2020 Sep 15

Front Immunol, 2021 Jul 14

Rheumatol Int, 2014 Jun 05

Arthritis and rheumatism, 2007-07

Stroke, 2014-07

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020 Oct 12

Archives of internal medicine, 1997-10-13

Lupus, 2011-02

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Stroke, 2021 May 24

J Autoimmun, 2018 Feb 13

Int J Med Sci, 2009 Dec 05

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