In a patient with end stage renal disease and chronic oliguria, what strategies do you use to avoid excessive bladder irradiation when treating prostate cancer with external-beam radiotherapy?   

If a patient has end-stage renal disease, the first question I would ask is what is the patient's life expectancy?  According to several papers I have reviewed, the median life expectancy of a person with ESRD is about 4 years. I therefore would not perform localized therapy in a person with su...