When do you entertain a diagnosis of HLA-negative antibody mediated rejection in lung transplant recipients?  

This is a challenging question. When patients come in with allograft dysfunction, I typically simultaneously consider all options - ACR, infection, AMR, CLAD, etc. The ability to 1) identify, 2) confirm the significance of, and 3) potentially treat HLA-negative AMR is quite difficult. There are 2 "t...